What Kind of Star are you?

Despite constituting the vast majority of the matter in the universe, stars are surprisingly simplistic.  A star spends nearly all of its life in hydrostatic equilibrium, whereby gravity pulls it inward as thermal pressure pushes it outward.  This state is known as the main sequence, during which countless Hydrogen atoms fuse to form Helium ones, and release energy in the process.

OK, that might not seem simple.  But, a star is simplistic in the sense that its entire future is quite predictable given its mass when this thermonuclear fusion process begins.  We can predict how long this steady radiation will endure based on this mass.  One might think that more massive stars have more fuel to burn, and will burn for longer as a result.  Though more mass does mean more fuel, it also means higher temperature and pressure, which means a greater fusion rate.  Massive stars actually live a far shorter life than less massive ones - lifetime is roughly proportional to M^(-2.5), where M is mass.

In the graph shown below, the approximate time a star spends in its main sequence is shown as a function of its mass ratio to the Sun.

 

The Wondrous Night Sky

When my daughter recites twinkle, twinkle, little star, I am tempted to answer her question regarding what they are: "Giant collections of particles moving in all directions colliding into one another at high speeds forming larger particles in fusion reactions that give off heat and light..."  And then I remember that she turns three this summer.

I got to thinking about stars when a couple of callers rang me up the other day on my call-in show.  OK, I don't have a call-in show.  It was just a couple of friends calling me at home with questions about stars.  They were either genuinely curious about these glowing masses or were poking fun at my passion for all things science.  I am going to assume it was genuine curiosity, and answer their questions below.